Cybersecurity Fundamentals
Lesson 1 of 3 8 min +55 XP

Threats & Social Engineering

The human is the weakest link.

What you'll learn

  • Define malware and phishing
  • Spot a social-engineering attack
  • Explain why people are targeted
The fake IT phone call

A scammer calls pretending to be IT support and simply asks for your password — no hacking required, because the human is the easiest lock to pick. Social engineering tricks people, not computers, which is why the weakest link is usually us.

Most attacks trick a person, not a computer

Malware is malicious software — viruses, ransomware, spyware. But the easiest way in is often social engineering: tricking a person into handing over access. Phishing emails impersonate a trusted sender to steal passwords or plant malware.

Red flags of phishing

Urgency ('act now!'), a mismatched sender address, unexpected attachments, and links that don't match the real site are classic warning signs.

Lab · Spot the phish
  1. Read: 'Your account is locked! Click here in 10 minutes or lose access.'
  2. List the warning signs you notice.
  3. Decide what a safe response is.

What you should see: Urgency plus a threatening link are red flags. The safe move: don't click — go to the real site directly and check.

Knowledge Check

+15 XP / correct

1. Phishing works by…

2. Which is a phishing red flag?