Introduction to Linguistics
Lesson 3 of 3 10 min +85 XP

Semantics & Pragmatics

Literal meaning and meaning in use.

What you'll learn

  • Distinguish semantics from pragmatics
  • Define an implicature
  • See how context completes meaning
'Can you pass the salt?'

Literally that's a question about your ability, but everyone hears a request. Semantics is the literal meaning of words; pragmatics is what we actually mean by them in a real situation — the gap that makes language human.

What is said vs. what is meant

Semantics studies the literal, context-independent meaning of words and sentences. Pragmatics studies how context lets speakers mean more than they literally say. The gap between the two is central: the same sentence can convey very different messages depending on situation, intonation, and shared knowledge.

Implicature

Coined by H. P. Grice, an implicature is meaning suggested rather than stated. 'It's cold in here' can implicate 'please close the window' — nothing in the semantics says so; the pragmatics does.

Asked 'Did you like the essay?', answering 'It was… neatly typed' implicates that you did not, via what is conspicuously left unsaid.
Lab · Find the implicature
  1. A friend asks if you want dessert and you say 'I'm on a diet.'
  2. Note that you did not literally say yes or no.
  3. State what your reply implicates and which field explains it.

What you should see: It implicates 'no' — pragmatics, not semantics, derives that from context and the cooperative principle, since the literal sentence never says 'no'.

Knowledge Check

+25 XP / correct

1. Pragmatics, as opposed to semantics, studies…

2. An implicature is meaning that is…